What Kind Of Genetic Makeup Does Coxsackie Have

Welsh Genetics: Abstracts and Summaries

by Kevin Alan Brook

Family Tree Deoxyribonucleic acid: Genetic Testing Service
Deoxyribonucleic acid testing will show your connections with other families and ethnic groups. The database includes many peoples from throughout Europe and the rest of the world including Welsh, English language, Irish, Cornish, Scots, and members of many other ethnic groups. The "Wales Cymru Deoxyribonucleic acid Project" administered by Janet Crain and Susan Rosine invites the membership of all people who have 1 or both uniparental lines tracing back to Wales, Cornwall, and/or "English areas adjoining present day Wales." In that location are many hundreds of participants and you lot can join them if you buy a kit through Family Tree DNA and encounter the project's eligibility requirement.

The Welsh are a proud remnant of many of the early on inhabitants of the British Isles with a Celtic language quite dissimilar English language. 19% of the people of Wales can speak Welsh, according to the 2011 demography. Welsh is known for sometimes doubling the first letter of a word, equally in ffordd (road) and llwyd (grey).

Bryan Sykes, professor of human genetics at the University of Oxford and founder of Oxford Ancestors, showed that people from Northward Wales and Mid-Wales are more than genetically interlinked with each other than either are with people from S Wales. Sykes as well found conclusive show that H is the dominant mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup in Wales.

Y-DNA haplogroups carried by members of "The Wales Cymru DNA Project" include E1b1a1 (E-L117), E1b1a1a1b1a (E-V13), E1b1a1b2a1a (E-M34), G1a1a1, G2a1, I1 (I-M253), I1d1a1a, I2c2a (I-M223, I-P37, etc.), J1, J2, R1a1a (R-M512, R-M198, R-M173, R-Z280), R1b1a (R-M269, R-M173, R-L21), and R1b1a1a1a1a (R-P312), among others. Mitochondrial DNA haplogroups carried by members include H, H3c2b, H1au1a, H10e, H6a1b2, H7b3, I, J, K1b2a2, K2a, T2, U3, U5, and others.

The SNP subclade Z138+ (besides known as Z139+) of the Y-DNA haplogroup I1 is plant at depression frequencies in Germanic-speaking populations including England and Wales, but also in Portugal, southern Italian republic, and Romania. STR (short tandem repeats) assay reveals a western subgroup of I1 where GATA-H4 ≥ 11 that's most common in Wales that exists at lower frequencies in English and other European populations.

Major studies of the Welsh

Michael Due east. Weale, Deborah A. Weiss, Rolf F. Jager, Neil Bradman, and Mark G. Thomas. "Y Chromosome Prove for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration." Molecular Biology and Evolution xix:7 (2002): pages 1008-1021.
They studied English, Welsh, Norwegian, and Frisian men and genetically compared them to each other. Samples included males from 2 towns in North Wales (Abergele and Llangefni) and 5 towns in England as far due east as North Walsham in East Anglia. The sampled men from Primal English towns genetically resembled each other closely, in contrast to the North Welsh men who "differed significantly both from each other and from the Central English towns." They found common Germanic roots of the English and Western frisian males in the study, confirming that the Anglo-Saxons (only not the Welsh) are largely descended from people not indigenous to the British Isles. Excerpts from the commodity:

"Our results bespeak the presence of a strong genetic barrier between Central England and North Wales and the virtual absence of a barrier betwixt Central England and Friesland. [...] The best caption for our findings is that the Anglo-Saxon cultural transition in Central England coincided with a mass immigration from the continent. Such an event would simultaneously explain both the high Central English-Frisian analogousness and the low Key English language-North Welsh affinity. [...] Anglo-Saxon settlements and civilization appeared throughout England but, chiefly, did not extend into North Wales, where many of the original Celtic Britons living in England are thought to take fled [...]"

Fulvio Cruciani, Roberta La Fratta, Beniamino Trombetta, Piero Santolamazza, Daniele Sellitto, Eliane Beraud Colomb, Jean-Michel Dugoujon, Federica Crivellaro, Tamara Benincasa, Roberto Pascone, Pedro Moral, Elizabeth Watson, Bela Melegh, Guido Barbujani, Silvia Fuselli, Giuseppe Vona, Boris Zagradisnik, Guenter Assum, Radim Brdicka, Andrey I. Kozlov, Georgi D. Efremov, Alfredo Coppa, Andrea Novelletto, and Rosaria Scozzari. "Tracing Past Homo Male Movements in Northern/Eastern Africa and Western Eurasia: New Clues from Y-Chromosomal Haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12." Molecular Biological science and Evolution 24:6 (2007): 1300-1311. First published online on March 10, 2007.
33 percent of men who alive in the town of Abergele in Northward Wales have the Y-Deoxyribonucleic acid haplogroup E1b1b1, probably from migrations from the Balkans. The sample size was 18.

"'Extraordinary' genetic brand-upwards of north e Wales men." BBC News (July 19, 2011).
Dr. Andy Grierson of the Academy of Sheffield comments on the finding of E1b1b1 in a large percentage (the article states approximately 30 per centum) of men from northeast Wales (the town of Abergele). (Most of the men specifically conduct E1b1b1a2, also known as E-V13). This is found in a much higher frequency than populations in the rest of the United Kingdom, which average ane pct. The sample size was 500 people. Grierson said, "This type of genetic makeup is unremarkably found in the eastern Mediterranean which fabricated us recall that there might have been strong connections between due north east Wales and this role of Europe somewhere in the past. But this appears not to be the case, and then we're notwithstanding looking to find out why it's happened and what it reveals about the history of the region."

Stephen Leslie, Bruce Winney, Garrett Hellenthal, Dan Davison, Abdelhamid Boumertit, Tammy Twenty-four hour period, Katarzyna Hutnik, Ellen C. Royrvik, Barry Cunliffe, Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium, Daniel J. Lawson, Daniel Falush, Colin Freeman, Matti Pirinen, Simon Myers, Mark Robinson, Peter Donnelly, and Walter Bodmer. "The fine-scale genetic construction of the British population." Nature 519 (March 19, 2015): pages 309-314. First published online on March eighteen, 2015.
Welsh form part of this intensive evaluation of autosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid. Excerpts from the Abstract:

"[...] We utilize haplotype-based statistical methods to analyse genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data from a carefully called geographically diverse sample of 2,039 individuals from the Britain. [...] The regional genetic differentiation and differing patterns of shared ancestry with 6,209 individuals from across Europe acquit clear signals of historical demographic events. [...] in not-Saxon parts of the United kingdom, there exist genetically differentiated subgroups rather than a general 'Celtic' population."

Steve Connor. "New genetic map of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland shows successive waves of immigration going back ten,000 years." The Independent (March eighteen, 2015).
This article near the written report published in March 2015 by Stephen Leslie, Peter Donnelly, and their colleagues points out "the ancient ancestry of the Celtic people of North Wales who are probably descended from some of the oldest inhabitants of Britain".

Harriet Cooke. "Welsh and Cornish are the 'purest Britons', scientists merits." Telegraph.co.uk (June 17, 2012).
A team including Peter Donnelly, professor of statistical science at Oxford University and managing director of the Wellcome Trust centre for human genetics, has used samples gathered from nigh ii,000 "rural dwellers" from beyond the United Kingdom who "had to accept four grandparents born in the aforementioned area" and discovered that Welsh people have genetics similar to Irish and French people, which is suggestive of their descent from pre-Roman peoples who moved to the British Isles thousands of years before the arrival of Germanic speakers of early English language. Cornish people from Cornwall, as well, are distinct from the English people who inhabit the neighboring county of Devon. As Donnelly succintly put information technology, "The people of Wales and Cornwall are different from the rest of southern and central England." The results were presented in July 2012 at the Royal Society'south summertime science exhibition in London.

"Welsh people could be most aboriginal in Uk, Deoxyribonucleic acid suggests." BBC News (June xix, 2012).
This is another commodity about Professor Donnelly'due south team'due south research. Excerpts from the article:

"[...] Dna samples were analysed at about 500,000 different points. Afterward comparison statistics, a map was compiled which showed Wales and Cornwall stood out. Prof Donnelly said: 'People from Wales are genetically relatively singled-out, they look different genetically from much of the rest of mainland United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, and actually people in n Wales look relatively distinct from people in south Wales.' While in that location were traces of migrant groups across the UK, there were fewer in Wales and Cornwall. He said people from southward and north Wales genetically take 'adequately large similarities with the ancestry of people from Ireland on the ane paw and France on the other, which we think is near likely to exist a combination of remnants of very ancient populations who moved across into Britain afterwards the concluding Ice Age. [...]' He said it was possible that people came over from Ireland to north Wales because information technology was the closest betoken, and the same for people coming to due south Wales from the continent, as it was nearer. Even so he added: 'We don't really have the historical bear witness about what those genetic inputs were.' [...] Because of its westerly position and mountainous nature, Anglo-Saxons who moved into key and eastern England after the Romans left did not come that far due west, and neither did the Vikings who arrived in around 900AD. [...] The mountains were also the reason why [Welsh] DNA may have remained relatively unchanged, as people would have found it harder to get from north to south Wales or into England compared with people trying to move across the flatter southern English counties, making them more than likely to marry locally and conserve more ancient DNA. [...]"

Helen McArdle. "Dna links Welsh men to Scotland." Herald Scotland (November 24, 2014).
The team of Alistair Moffat of CymruDNAWales and Scotland's Deoxyribonucleic acid discovered that 1 percent of Welsh males carry a Y chromosome variety that descends from ancient Picts from Scotland and is related to the modern Scottish diverseness of this lineage. Excerpts from the article:

"Some 10 per cent of all Scottish men belong to this 'Pictish' lineage compared to just 0.8 per cent of Englishmen. Information technology is particularly concentrated in Perthshire, Fife, Angus and Grampian, regions of Scotland with known Pictish heritage. The discovery of shared ancestral ties between men in Scotland and Wales is at the centre of a new theory that this one per cent of Welsh men are direct descendents of a small ring of ancient Scottish aristocrats, who fled the Old Welsh-speaking kingdom of Strathclyde in the ninth century to escape a Viking invasion. They are thought to have headed south, by ocean, to find refuge in due north Wales later the Viking kings Ivar and Olaf led their dragonships up the Clyde in 870, laying siege to the fortress on Dumbarton Rock and somewhen capturing Artgul, the king of Strathclyde."

Nathan Bevan. "Dna survey reveals 25% of Welsh men directly descended from ancient kings and warlords." Wales Online (December eighteen, 2014).
Alistair Moffat of CymruDNAWales is interviewed every bit saying 25 percent of Welsh men whose grandparents were all Welsh inherited their Y chromosomes from about twenty medieval Welsh royals, nobles, and warlords who had many descendants. Moffat likewise spoke well-nigh what the squad learned so far nearly the primeval immigrants to Wales, thousands of years ago. He said, "We all suspected that Wales was a Celtic land just no-one was prepared for only how much - the archetype Celtic Y chromosome marker R1b S145 being carried by a whopping 45% of Welsh men, as opposed to but xv% over on the other side of Offa's Dyke. We have always known that Wales is unlike from England, simply now here is a statistic that shows there is no question nigh it."

Nathan Bevan. "Welsh presenter Angharad Mair digs up her Deoxyribonucleic acid roots in the Eastern Mediterranean." Wales Online (January 17, 2015).
The Welsh television receiver presenter Angharad Mair had her Deoxyribonucleic acid tested by CymruDNAWales. Upon examining her mitochrodrial DNA, they found that her maternal lineage came from the Levant region (eastern Mediterranean) thousands of years agone. Excerpts:

"[...] These particular mitochrodrial Deoxyribonucleic acid markers [...] appear with very high frequency in Wales - at around 11%. They are thought to have been brought to United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and Ireland by roaming bands of hunter-gatherers over many millennia and, afterward 3,000BC, by the get-go female farmers from the Fertile Crescent region of Western Asia. Notwithstanding, they are well-nigh usually found among Ashkenazi Jews of Europe, where a 3rd of all maternal bloodlines are Levantine. [...] 'I was very excited to discover that I had Jewish ancestry - which might've but developed in the concluding two centuries.' [...]"